English as a Foreign Language Essay

The resources chosen for this exercise are a song and a series of related pictures. The pictures are images that contain science fiction-like elements which would be of interest to this elementary group within the demographic of 20 to 45 years. The lesson created for the students using these materials appeals to the development of their aural receptive skill, as the song lyrics contain many shorter phrases and sentences and phrases that students of that level are likely to be able to understand. It therefore combines audio with visual stimulation in order to create a greater impact of the students’ learning capacity. Objective: The students will function in an English-speaking role by become a member of the audience for an authentic aural experience. This reflects an attempt to move away from the Grammar Translation Method (Brown, 2000, p. 16). The students are expected to be able to understand the lyrics contained in the song with the help of several scaffolding exercises. Students will experience the reinforcement of words, phrases and grammatical constructions that have previously been taught. They will also learn new words and phrases, as well as observe authentic ways in which native English speakers sometimes bend the rules of Standard English. The reinforcement activities used in the lesson (repetition, scrambling, etc. ) will aid the production skill of speaking as it allows the hearer the opportunity to try to say the word or phrase and the repetitions done within the song (chorus/refrain). They will give the student opportunities to try and retry pronunciation until perfection is achieved. Rationale: 1. The interest of the students in music is expected be piqued by the lead-in exercise. It aids them by capturing and keeping their attention fixed on the task. Because â€Å"a complex task such as language learning involves [all methods] of learning, from signal learning to problem solving,† this task seeks to stimulate the students’ faculties so they are prompted to use all their resources (visual, aural and reasoning skills) to figure out what happens in the song (Brown, 2005, p. 91-92). 2. Students are asked to look at the pictures being generated and create an order for the story in order to keep their minds on the task and engaging their interest in it. It also gets them thinking about the possible vocabulary related to the topic. The students are given the chance to make predictions about the story in an effort to encourage their speech in English the translation of ideas into a language other than their native one. When they have practice translating their own thoughts into English, it makes each successive attempt to do so easier. This task also focuses on visual reception. 3. This task focuses on aural and visual reception, as the teacher says the name of the objects as he/she shows its picture. However, the task also aids oral production in that it identifies and unites the visual representation of the word in print with the sound it has when a native speaker uses it. This is as opposed to learning vocabulary in isolation, as according to Ausubel, â€Å"people of all ages have little need for rote, mechanistic learning† (qtd. in Brown, 2000, p. 63). The pictures act as a method of scaffolding via which the students are able to better understand (or learn) the words being spoken. 4. The pre-teaching exercises have laid the foundation and now facilitate the gathering of the gist of the song in its first playing. The scrambling of the lyrics acts as a means of scaffolding these elementary learners and helps them to know what they are to listen for. This is done so that students are able to get the broad understanding during the first viewing, and this frees them to listen for details in the second listening. It also gives them a chance to use new words and phrases they may have picked up during the exercise and aids in the clarification of details that students might have misunderstood. 5. Students are required to read various sentences and phrases of the song in order to reinforce their ability to speak the language and to make predictions about grammar and diction. It also gives them a chance to say the word in the way a native would pronounce them rather than adhering too closely to a phonetic representation of the words/phrases. It also gives them the opportunity to query new words or phrases they heard in the film. Repetition of the song also reinforces listening comprehension, especially as it regards hearing the details. Later, the collaborative listening and speaking (in pairs) allows the students to pool their resources in constructing a coherent English reconstruction of the lyrics. This gives students a chance to learn from each other. It puts the language even more into the context of social interaction—building on the idea that â€Å"language is behaviour, that is, a phase of human activity that must not be treated in essence as structurally divorced from the structure of non-verbal human activity† (Pike, 1967, p. 26). The activity also gives them practice speaking the language to each other and prepares them informally for their oral presentation assignment. 6. The oral presentation is focused specifically on the oral aspect of using the English language. The students are expected to put their own thoughts together in the form of a story and translate their ideas into an English medium. In this way, they are encouraged to speak the language so that native and non-native speakers will be able to understand. Because this part of the lesson is an extension, it allows them to use some of the words and phrases they have learned in the lesson. 7. The flexi stage of the lesson also provides the students with the collaborative help that will enhance their ability to express themselves. Because they have a choice in what they present, their interest is likely to be sustained (Brown, 2000; Scrivener, 2005). The assignment also allows them the time and freedom to locate new words and phrases that will aid their articulation of their ideas. This also encourages learning of new English words, phrases and grammatical constructions. The task also provides a means of productive discussion and extension without overwhelming the students. References Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching. White Plains: Pearson Education. Pike, K. (1967). Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behavior. The Hague: Mouton Publishers. Scrivener, J. (2005). Learning Teaching. New York: MacMillan.

Counselling and its place in an Organisation

Counselling is a procedure that uses to back up people by understanding and deciding the jobs occurred. In an Organization it helps to increase the opportunity in public presentation while it becomes an advantage to personal development of the persons. When see about reding we can exemplify that there are two chief attacks which use to decide the affairs. In some instances the counselor resolves the job by giving all the necessary guidelines which know as direct guidance. But in indirect reding the replies can be generated from the counselee by the counsel of the counselor. However the concluding results of both attacks are solve the personal job and better the attitude and behavior of the person. â€Å" Mentoring is to back up and promote people to pull off their ain acquisition in order that they may maximize their possible, develop their accomplishments, better their public presentation and go the individual they want to be. † ( 1 ) It clear that in an administration, mentoring is necessary to understand the function of the person from the higher hierarchy. In the procedure of mentoring the senior ever passes the duties and experience to the junior to develop their accomplishments and better the public presentation. The chief difference between reding and mentoring is that the guidance is chiefly focal point to develop the personal accomplishments and the attitudes of the character while mentoring develop the professional accomplishments. Eg: Counselling desire to spread out the personal ability by utilizing the emotional attack but in mentoring it expands the productiveness of the character by placing the capablenesss of the individual. In add-on, the guidance ever concentrate on the personal affair and the procedure ever carry in a private session between the counselor and the counselee but the mentoring can be done either a private or as a focal point group because mentoring is use to accomplish a better ends in an administration. As the squad engagement can be an advantage for the procedure of mentoring. Mentoring is chiefly focus on a end that needs to carry through by the administration to increase the productiveness but in reding there is no peculiar end and it ever depend on the person ‘s feelings and the minute. It ‘s clear that mentoring is making to increase the productiveness of the organisation hence each administration has different end to accomplish by its staff to carry through this mark hence, mentoring should ever carry on to accomplish these marks. But in reding it fundamentally tries to understand the feelings of the person to better the personal accomplishments and the attitudes. Therefore, it ‘s clear that reding can non hold any ends as it depends on each character. As reding chiefly concentrate on the feeling or the emotions of the persons hence, resources can be limited and the methods can be different for each person but in mentoring there will be figure of methods and techniques for a group of people. Reding should done by professionally trained personal but mentoring can be done by an experient superior individual because in reding it ever concentrate the emotional side of the individual hence, it should be handle in off that non damage to the personality. But in mentoring it focus the possible ability of the single toward to organisation therefore it can be done by an experient individual. However in both Counselling and Mentoring is focus to derive the optimistic public presentation of the person and helps to develop the personal capablenesss, attitudes and adulthood in both single and the company. Administration ‘s end Increase the Productivity Time Management – Time Management accomplishments can be achieve by proper preparation development Technology- Technological accomplishments can be given by presenting the new acquisition methods and latest cognition about the engineering that in usage for peculiar function. Human Resource Management ( HRM ) HRM Skills can be achive by the proper preparation about the single behavior to understand the abilities of the person that superior for peculiar undertaking. Proper direction Management Skills can be improve by managing the resource in right mode. Communicationss accomplishments can be improve by speaking to person of the company Motivations accomplishments can be improve by experience of actuating people in right clip and taking the right determination as needed. Stress direction Skills can be improve by proper preparation and with the experience. Problem work outing accomplishments can be improve by interrupting the job in to pieces and manage it each at a clip. Individual/own Goals Derive the cognition of necessary Technology IT Skills can be improve by practise and proper preparation Current Technological Skills can be gain by up to day of the month with the latest needed engineering. Learning accomplishments can be achieve by being happy what of all time you do and ever do things that you become happy. Gain Personal Resources Communication accomplishments can be achieved by pattern and proper preparation. In add-on it can be improved by interact with individuals. Reading composing hearing and speech production accomplishments are under this class. Punctuality accomplishments can be improved by practise to make things on clip. Good Attitudes can be improve by acquiring good advice from higher graded individuals. Leadership Skills can be improve by working as a squad and interact with people so frequently and actuate them when necessary. Fulfil all necessary demands of the administration By accomplishing all above mentioned accomplishments an person and accomplish this end. Niobium: all the Skills and sub undertakings are link together to accomplish the chief end of the administration or the person.( C ) .What is Time ManagementTime managing is an art of arrangement, forming, scheduling and budgeting one ‘s clip for the intent of bring forthing more effectual work in productiveness. Time direction is more of import for everybody. In an administration the clip direction is more of import from top of the hierarchy to the underside. Benefits of proper clip direction More Productiveness Time direction helps to increase the productiveness in an organisation. It saves staff turnover and increase the end product. As an illustration in a concatenation of procedure if there is an hold in one point it ‘ll impact the concluding merchandise completion clip and to the point before to the hold and decelerate the production velocity. Therefore, proper clip direction aid to derive more productiveness in a peculiar clip. Less emphasis This will be a good advantage to a better merchandise, because less emphasis of single do them to concentrate on a peculiar undertaking and it can be easy completed with high truth. Achieve ends on clip This will be automatically go on with proper clip direction and this helps a company to success in the market. Easy life manner When all the things traveling swimmingly it ‘s truly easy achieve any needed undertaking or marks. When all above benefits come to an person or an administration it will an advantage to bring forth a better merchandise and maintain a better criterion in the market, but if its unable to pull off the clip it might be a catastrophe to a company. ( D ) .Value of Professional Development Professional development is one of the foundations of our working lives. It ‘s a procedure which keeps us interested in our work, gives us the thrust to come on our callings, supports industry competitory and in the terminal makes us employable throughout our lives. Valuess of CPD Individual Develop practical tactics to unlock and transcend the single potency Widen personal webs and chances Be able to find preferable method of larning and development in front maximal benefit in the hereafter by doing smarter professional development picks. Opportunity to step up and alter the function in the organisation. Continuingly update the cognition and accomplishments Organization Widening Skills More chances for the organisation to widen their concern Expand the concern and increase the productiveness Give staff the capableness to spread out or alter their function Give staff the accomplishments to work with new engineering Organizations are up to day of the month and competitory Minimise the hazard of professional mistakes Make the work force and concern procedures more efficient Eg: In Tesco Pharmacy- because of the combination of their modern dispensaries and extremely trained support staff, will hold more clip to pass with clients giving one-to-one advice on medical specialties and life style. They can be an indispensable portion of the shop squad and when anybody joins with Tesco as a Pharmacy Manager, and so he will besides work closely with the direction squad and will take charge of developing others, training and developing staff and be given sample chance to work on their ain Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) . Tesco is a big retail merchant and they guarantee their druggists are given the environment to be professional. It ‘s these high criterions their clients have come to anticipate and Tesco holding confident that whatever their aspirations and demands, and have the chances and support to assist them do the most of directors calling. As Tesco Train there Staff with new medical specialties everyday ‘s it ‘ll be a great advantage to clients them self and to Tesco as an administration. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tescopharmacy-jobs.com/career-development/index.htm )Undertaking 2What is Skills audit?A skill audit provides a appropriate manner of meeting information about the available abilities of people for a specified undertakingA personal accomplishments auditPersonal accomplishment audit is back uping to place strengths, failing, chances and dainties which will turn to to place certain spreads and the manner fulfil those spreads by taking necessary actions. Learning styles-Learning manners are the different methods or ways of acquisition. There are three types of acquisition manners Ocular Learners Auditory Learners Kinesthetic Learners Ocular Learners These types of scholars learn through seeing. They needs to watch organic structure linguistic communication and the facial visual aspect to understand. Auditory Learners These types of scholars learn through hearing. Kinesthetic Learners These types of scholars learn through moving, making touching. Dr Peter Honey and Alan Mumford ( 1986 ) developed a acquisition manners questionnaire, based on Kolb to mensurate how people learn, to place their learning strengths, to promote persons to develop their learning possible and study on how they can better their acquisition manner. They clarified the four chief larning manners as: There are four different acquisition manners Militant Reflectors Theorist Pragmatist Militant DOING Reflector REVIEWING Pragmatist PLANING Theorist CONCLUDING Militants Learn from New experiences and challenges which to larn Competitive teamwork and job resolution Reflectors Learn from Encourage to watch or believe Think before moving and adjust before get downing Have clip to reexamine their acquisition Help to interchange positions with other people Without danger Can make a determination without force per unit area and tight deadlines Theorist Learn from theory, theoretical account or construct Think jobs in a logical measure by measure Pragmatists Learn from existent life jobs Shown techniques for making things with apprehensible practical advantages Harmonizing to Honey Mumford Learning styles strong effectual acquisition manners are theorist and pragmatist. By rehearsing activities develops their abilities in this acquisition manner, Pragmatist develops the accomplishments by rehearsing like militant. Theorist is identified as low. So by rehearsing the activities theorist can increase their learning ability, Reflector is identified as really low. So reflectors should set more activities to better their acquisition.How can supervise Effectiveness of my ain acquisition mannerHarmonizing to honey and Mumford method I am an Militant scholar I would wish to larn from new experiences and the challenges which I can confront besides when I am working as a squad ( team work ) I am larning new things personally. Methods to supervise the public presentation of Activist manner I can supervise my MBA public presentation on Activist manner by Learning from new experience analyzing different faculties and confronting challenges in group plants. Self appraisals Personal accomplishments audit is an of import measure when you are be aftering a calling alteration. Scale 1-something you are really weak Scale5-something you are really good Skill/ability 1 2 3 4 5 Bing originativeEYLeading a squadEYUsing theoryEYSolving jobsEYactuatingEYUsing above chart I can mensurate my strength and failings in my accomplishments besides can utilize a personal SWOT analysis for step it. Personal SWOT analysisStrengthsgood at working in a squad work outing jobs good at communicating with people good authorship accomplishments Ability to taking hazardFailingsNot much presentation experience do n't wish making presentations Not finish twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours surveiesOpportunitiesComplete MBA within 1 twelvemonth Working experience in nutrient retail industryMenacesaltering regulations in college hard to happen Job in suited field -Strengths and failings are normally things internal to me-personal accomplishments -Opportunities and menaces are normally external factors might impact to personal lifeUndertaking 3PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PlanWhat is personal development program? It ‘s a personal program or specific measuring to recognize the demand to better in peculiar countries in our personal life Where I am now? At present following station alumnus sheepskin in concern surveies at Edexcel through London school of direction and scientific discipline which is taking to Master of Business disposal programme in Glyndwr University. At present I am working as a Duty director at Co-operative group. Co-op is a 1 of the largest retail company in UK every bit good as biggest husbandmans. Education background I have completed Diploma information engineering at NIBM Sri Lanka. I have completed Advance professional sheepskin in concern surveies ( Level 5 ) at south bank college I have completed sheepskin in computing machine surveies at south bank college Future Plans I hope to making specialise in HR direction after my Master in business Be a shop director in Co-op every bit shortly as finish my Master in business By 2014 be a HR director any bank in UK. Current aims and ends My current aim is to finish my MBA programme which is traveling to be finish by grand 2011. Meanwhile go on my current occupation as a responsibility director value to my bearer. Personal accomplishments Working as a leader with any figure of squad and achieve ends. Having much cognition about IT which is supported to my bearer. Solving the jobs in good mode I am a multitasking individual who can make so many occupations at a clip. And besides I am holding good clip direction accomplishment in my life it helps to cut down my emphasis degree when I am working and increase the productiveness personally and to my organisation every bit good. I would wish to listen people and take their thoughts and better my cognition.My personal SMART analysis programThis will assist me to make my ends on clip. Specific – all my ends are good defined. To finish my MBA I do my surveies on a regular basis. To my bearer development for managerial degree, I improve my leading accomplishments by making specific preparation and on my work topographic point every bit good. Measurable- I spend about 5 hours per hebdomad for my surveies and working 20 hours per hebdomad Every hebdomad I am look intoing what I have did for my occupation and keep a dairy how much I spend per hebdomad for my disbursals. Attainable – I spent excessively much clip to watch films per hebdomad but I cut down for 2 hours per hebdomad Relevant – I am loosen uping more clip after finish my work Academic – I am seek to complete my Surveies within the timeframe which was given by the college and accomplish my ends Time bound – Needs to be control clip direction and certain clip period for each end.Scheme for personal developing a programPESTLE analysis concentrating on institutional function gives me better understand about my direction work. My personal grind analysis Strength Personal accomplishments Teamwork Multitasking It knowledge Leadership Problem work outing Failings Communication accomplishments Listening Time direction Opportunities Training Learn professional accomplishments Menaces Government regulations and ordinances When I need to plan a personal development program foremost I need to put nonsubjective for following inquiries 1. What do I need to larn? 2. What should I make to accomplish this? 3. What resources or support will I necessitate? 4. What will my success standards be? 5. What will be my mark day of the months for completion? What do I need to larn? I need to finish my MBA and need to larn how to make presentations properly What should I make to accomplish this? Giving my full strength for surveies and complete the class works on clip and complete my MBA on clip. What resources or support will I necessitate? Training for composing accomplishments, better communicating accomplishments every bit good as more books for read as resources. What will my success standards be? Time direction and squad work What will be my mark day of the months for completion? I hope to complete my surveies ( MBA ) by 2012 and be a shop director every bit shortly as possible In the terminal by 2015 be a HR director.MY PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PlanWhat I am I Trying to accomplish What internal Failing is Standing in the manner What external Menace is worrying me Who/where Can I travel to assist When am I Ask for aid How will I review advancement Get promoted from current Job Need to finish my surveies Government regulations Speak to my Ops trough Anybody who willing to assist Discuss my advancement with my director every month Construct up my instruction makings Equally much as I can Fiscal jobs competition University Or college My married woman Discuss my advancement with my talks every month Be a HR director Experience Credit crunch In UK Anybody who can rede me My former director My ego

Printing Press

†¢Intro things to discuss The ancient Greeks wrote texts intended for education only the privileged, wealthy few who could afford scribes. The modern textbook has its roots in the standardization made possible by the printing press. Early textbooks were used by tutors and teachers, who used the books as instructional aids The next revolution for books came with the 15th-century invention of printing with changeable type. The invention is attributed to German metal smith Johannes Gutenberg, who cast type in molds using a melted metal alloy and constructed a wooden-screw printing press to transfer the image onto paper.Gutenberg's invention made mass production of texts possible for the first time. †¢In general the invention of the printing press (Lower-class) Before Gutenberg's printing press, reading books were a privilege for the church and some of the nobility, literacy was practically non-existent in the lower class, books were extremely expensive, and scientists never sh ared their work with other scientist. After the printing press was invented, books became considerably cheaper to afford, thus, making it easier for lower class citizens, as well as, libraries to afford books and circulate them throughout Europe.With the increase in books and the availability of them, came the increase in literacy among the lower classes. †¢traditional lecture before the invention- who accessed books †¢how it impacted education Also, since it was easier to print work scientist started sharing their works with each other. This was an amazing improvement in science, because now scientist could critic each other's work, improve upon it, and eventually come up with correct conclusions. †¢how the printing press (changed the role of the Catholic Church) No more did people have to accept what the church told them – they could now read it for themselves.In an indirect way, it led to the Reformation of the church, one of the major events in European his tory. Without the printing press and the availability of Bibles, Martin Luther may not have been in the position to question the authority of the church and to encourage people to study the Bible for themselves to see how Faith was the means to salvation, rather than â€Å"good works†, as the Catholic Church had expounded for centuries. The church officials, before the printing press was invented, were the only ones to read the Bible and they, then taught their interpretations to the congregation. When the printing presses started printing

Earth's Magnetic Field Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Earth's Magnetic Field - Research Paper Example The research paper "Earth's Magnetic Field" talks about the magnetic field which is the area which is under the influence of magnetic force and is a vector quantity, i.e. it is denoted in terms of a direction and magnitude, and is measured in Teslas in SI units which are equivalent to (Newton x second)/(coulomb x meter). The magnetic field allows human beings to produce many important devices. The relationship between magnetic field and electric current has enabled humans to produce electric currents in all electric devices such as blenders and power turbines. The magnetic field of Earth is similar to that produced by a bar magnet. The circulating electric currents surrounding the Earth’s surface and in the metallic core of Earth are the source of Earth’s magnetic force. The dynamo effect of these circulating electric charges helps in creating a magnetic field. The rotation is known to be the cause of the production of electric charges and dynamo effect. The area under the influence of Earth’s magnetic force is known as Magnetosphere. A scientist Mariner 2 discovered that the magnetic field of Venus is not as strong as that of Earth. Though the iron content of these two planets is almost same, yet the strength of magnetic field is different. The reason for the difference is the s peed of movement of these two planets. Earth takes 235 days to complete a rotation whereas Venus takes 243 days. The rotation period of Venus is too slow to result in dynamo effect. The evidence of this was found on rocks.

Tourism impacts and sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tourism impacts and sustainability - Essay Example According to the journal Tourism by Tourism Alliance, the impacts of tourism activities are innumerable. The effects of tourism comprises of the social, cultural, political, and economic. The United Kingdom has put prudent strategies to address the possible adverse impacts of tourism. This is in the light that tourism can disrupt environment, culture, and economy in the regions of its occurrence. The principal aim of sustainable tourism is to maximise the positive development and experience of the people where it takes place. To achieve tourism sustainability, this calls for managers and all the stakeholders to cooperate. The result is to streamline the tourism industry for maximum benefit of tourism industry (Tourism Alliance, 2010:3). This paper will endeavour to examine the impact of tourism and its sustainability. The paper will achieve this objective through looking at a number of studies in academic journals. According to ADAS report, tourism contributes to the growth of econom y of the United Kingdom. The department for environment, Food, and Rural Affairs in conjunction with Tourism Company and ADAS did a research on the trends of tourism in the year 2007. The research was seeking to find evidence, trends, and performance in the tourism industry. ... Moreover, the report portrays that the United Kingdom spends many funds on global tourism (Defra, 2007:5). The ADAS research further reveals that the ever-growing air transport has facilitated the growth of tourism. The findings allude that in the United Kingdom is one of the biggest earners from the international tourism. The report shows that in the year 2005, the United Kingdom ranked fifth in the rank of the largest nation with highest incomes from tourism. On the aspect of adverse effects of tourism on environment, the ADAS research does not find any connection to link tourism with ecological degradation. This is an allusion that tourists’ activities do not have any adverse effects on the environment (Defra 2007:8). Haley, Snaith, and Miller’s research presented in their journal asserts that a smooth interaction of tourists and local communities is important for sustainable tourism. This is from their case study at Bath in the United Kingdom in 2004. The main inten tion of the study was determine the perception of the people of Bath towards tourism. Using a sample of people and longitudinal and comparative data collection, the report indicates that people support tourism development in Bath. The findings of this research demonstrate that tourism does not have any adverse effects to the social settings in the United Kingdom. There research highlights that the residents of Bath embrace tourists’ activities and development. According to the research, some of the factors that accounts for the support of Bath for tourists destination include low incomes. The people of Bath encourage tourists’ activities as a source of income. This is because of the benefits they obtain from tourists activities. Much of the findings in this study indicate that

Discuss the theory of purchasing power parity, by considering its Essay

Discuss the theory of purchasing power parity, by considering its various forms and examining critically its assumptions and the - Essay Example The rate of exchange between two currencies can be termed as equilibrium when there is an equivalence in the purchasing powers of these countries at the domestic level (Taylor & Taylor 2004, p. 135). The theory of Purchasing Power Parity The formula for calculating purchasing power parity is as follows: S=P1/P2, where S refers to the rate used to exchange currency one with currency two, P1 is the price that good â€Å"x† costs when purchased in currency 1, and P2 is the price at which good â€Å"x† sells when purchased in currency 1. Based on the Purchasing Power Parity, there is an adjustment in the exchange rate in order to ensure that similar goods in two countries can be bought at the same price when the same currency is used to express the value of the good. There tends to be various forms that the Purchasing Power Parity takes. Some of the most common forms that this theory takes include the absolute Purchasing Power Parity and the Relative Purchasing Power Parity (Apte et. al., 2001). The concept of Absolute Purchasing Power Parity holds that the rate of currency exchange between two countries remains the same as the price level ratio in these countries. The absolute PPP borrows from the law of one price. Based on one price law, the cost of a certain product should remain constant across several countries. The similarity in price should be  in accordance to the currency value in the economies of both countries. This should take consideration of all other prices, such as trade regulations and other factors affecting market demand and supply, which should remain the same between these countries. The absolute Purchasing Power Parity also holds that there the purchasing power of the foreign and the domestic policy should remain the same. This means that there should be no variation in price when a consumer wants to exchange a foreign currency for a domestic currency, or a domestic currency for a foreign currency (Almas 2012, p. 1093). In orde r to meet the premises for the absolute Purchasing Power Parity, several conditions have to be fulfilled. One condition that must be met is free trade of the goods from each country in the international market. The other condition is that there ought to be a compromise of the price index of the price index for each of the two countries, which will be involved in the exchange of goods. Absolute PPP can result from the differences that exist in weighing, regardless of the fact that the law of one price can hold for certain goods across nations. While determining the absolute purchasing power parity, there is a tendency to examine the changes taking place in the level of the prices, which can be calculated easily (Apte et. al., 2001). Relative purchasing power parity can also be regarded as another form that the theory of PPP takes. Relative PPP focuses on the changes in the inflation rates, which may be anticipated, in relation to changes in the exchange rates between countries. The r elative purchasing power parity explores the change and variations in prices that take place between two countries. Relative PPP posits that there tends to be a change in the exchange rates in order to ensure that the variations and differentials, which inflation causes, can be compensated for and covered (Almas 2012, p. 1097). In the relative purchasing power parity, the formula that explains the relationship is as follows: S1/S0= (1 +

Historical Report on race Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical Report on race - Research Paper Example Today, you hear people speaking Spanish in very street you walk through in the cities of the United States of America. Hispanic Americans or Latinos originated in the Latin America and Spain. Hispanic American refers to the people of Spanish-speaking ancestry, while Latino refers to the people of Latin American origin. The history of Hispanic Americans in the US dates back to 16th century when Spanish ships sailing through Pacific Coast to Oregon. Hispanic Americans were the first racial group to reach the Mississippi River, the Appalachian Mountains and Great Plains. Spaniards created the first local settlement in continental America at St. Augustine in Florida in 1565 while other settlements in Virginia, Plymouth Colony, San Antonio, San Diego and Los Angeles followed later in the century (Jim, 2011). During the American Revolutionary war, Spain aided America since Spain held about half of the continental America territory. Through treaties, diplomacy and the Mexican-American War, United States increased its territory at the expense of Spain and most Hispanic Americans were pushed to the Southwestern States (Jim, 2011). Hispanic Americans account for about 17 percent of the total US population which translates to over 50 million people. Hispanic Americans is the fastest growing racial group with a population growth rate of 28.6 % which is about four times the national average of 7.2 % according to 2010 statistics. Majority of Hispanic Americans live in Puerto Rico, East Los Angeles, Texas, Miami, California and Colorado. Hispanic Americans form the second largest are the second largest racial group in the US after the White Native Americans. Hispanic Americans are still a minority group. Most Hispanic Americans originated from Latin American countries like Salvador, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Dominica (Jim,

Lesson plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lesson plan - Essay Example Similarly, they must also be motivated to read aloud, so that when they speak to others they can articulate without inhibitions. Learning new words and how to pronounce them will also help them in acquiring better listening and speaking skills and to use the language confidently in their daily life. The students for whom English is a second language have a tough time listening to others and understanding them correctly. Therefore, teachers must help them acquire good listening and speaking skills by rendering the learning process interesting for the students. For beginner level, it is very important for the students to understand what others speak and learn whatever is taught in the class and to recall it whenever required. The play way method of teaching can more effective in making students understand various aspects of language easily. Teaching by way of interesting activities, involving all the students, is a much better way to make students learn and understand. It can be more fun as well as effective and successful than learning through oral teaching. The teacher holds up a picture card and asks a student to stand up and identify the picture in the card. This continues with 10 – 15 items. Then she repeats exercise individually for the whole class. Involve students in similar activity with animals in the chart also. The teacher will assess the understanding of every student with their answers given. The teacher will then ask students to correct the incorrect answers. If still the answer is incorrect, the mistakes will be corrected by the teacher. The teacher asks the students to watch cartoon programs by identifying specific programs that contain simple and interesting stories. Next day, the teacher calls the students at random and asks them to tell two new words they learned from the program. This is repeated every day on rotation basis. For the intermediate level, apart from simple listening exercises, the teachers will

Is Repackaging Wine into Small Glasses of 250ml Will Be a Viable Assignment - 1

Is Repackaging Wine into Small Glasses of 250ml Will Be a Viable Business Venture - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that Wine De Glass will sell classic wines known around the globe but will be rebranded in a bottle but a glass. It will seek franchise from known wine manufacturers who sell delicious and healthy wines in U.K and other countries like the USA. The wines will be sold in glasses of 250ml in major retail outlets around the UK, and later the company will seek to globalize the product. Development of this concept was because a bottle of wine is sometimes too expensive, and the cheapest bottle of wine that is of the gold standard can cost  £10. It not only makes wines more available to the consumer, but it will give the customers an opportunity to taste different types of wine. Market segmentation is crucial since it will target a specific group of a customer such as tourists that are likely to enhance profit maximization from reduced operating cost. The first two years of operation, this venture will target retail outlet, restaurants and major wines vendors. At fi rst, the restaurants will be given the utmost priority because people love to take wines during dinner or major meals. The target market is described as those people who could not afford a particular bottle of wine, and now they will have an opportunity to test the wine since it will be packed in small quantity. This product will enter the market as a franchise. A franchise is an agreement or license between two legally independent people. A group of people or person (franchisee) the right to market a service or product using the trade name and trademark of another enterprise (franchisor). Hence, the wines that are sold will be legit and known by their brand name. The wines will be ready to drink in a glass and can be carried anywhere, the need for corkscrew will not be required anymore, the customer has to open quickly and swallow it. The freshness of the wine will not be lost as the glass is made to high standards while the cover is fit tightly to trap pressure and air.

Crime and Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crime and Theory - Essay Example Policy bureaucrats and advocates have paid a lot of concentration and allocated the most funds to the domestic violence form of couple violence. But there is beginning to be some interest amongst the public bureaucrats and community leaders in sustaining approaches that deal with couple conflict in most of the cases. These include couples and marriage education programs that teach engaged and married couples a way of communication and conflict declaration skills in order to reinforce their relationship, evade unhelpful forms of conflict that may lead to divorce and support less unfriendly co-parenting after divorce. There are various types of domestic violence, few of them are mentioned below. (Richard L. Davis., 1998). Sexual abuse is distinct as the forcing of undesired sexual acts by one person to another. There are different kinds of sexual abuse which involves non-consensual, forced physical sexual deeds such as rape or sexual attack, psychological types of abuse such as oral sexual behavior, the use of a position of trust for sexual reasons and incest, when it is derived by force or emotional treatment; the euphemism is at times used to illustrate such abuse. Psychological Abuse Psychological abuse or emotional abuse is a type of abuse that is characterized by a person subjecting or revealing another to behavior that is psychologically dangerous. Psychological abuse is the obstinate infliction of mental or emotional suffering by threat, shame or other verbal or nonverbal behavior. It is frequently linked with circumstances of power inequity, such maybe as the conditions of abusive relationships and child abuse. However, it can also take place on larger ranges, for example, Group psychological abuse, racial domination and prejudice. A more gentle case might be that of place of work abuse. Workplace abuse is a large cause of workplace interrelated strain, which consecutively is a tough cause of illness, both physical and mental. When a child is emotionally abused, some may not even identify it and make it seem like daily behavior. In fact, it can have severe long term effects on the child at hand. There need not be an activist for psychological abuse to take place; one can experience self-abuse, as in the case of someone who is a depressive, or self-mutilation. In any circumstances in which the frequent and severe impact of a situation influences a person's emotional and rational thinking, in such a way that can adversely affect their lives later on. Stalking Stalking means repeating physical harassment to a person over an extended period. Laws vary between jurisdictions but may include such acts as repeated physical following, unwanted contact, observing a person's actions closely for an extended period of time, make a contact with family members, friends, or associates inappropriately and cyber stalking. Stalking can also consist of seeking and getting hold of the person's personal information in order to contact them, for example, searching for their details on computers, electoral rolls, personal files and other stuff with the person's

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research proposal - Essay Example The objective of this study is to determine the set of risk factors existent between depression and falls and the relationship between anti-depressant drug use and falls among the elderly with depression. The second aim of this study is to determine a set of risk factors (cognitive function, walking speed, limited ADL function, psychological status and living conditions) that predict depression and fall among the elderly in society. Depression and falls are two common conditions that result in the elderly being taken to the hospital. These conditions impair the health of older people (Biderman, Cwikel, Friend, & Galinsky, 2002, p. 631). The specific aim of this study is to determine a set of risk factors (cognitive function, walking speed, impaired activities of daily living function, psychological status and fear of falling) that predict depression and falls among the elderly in society. A further aim of this research is to determine the associations between antidepressant medicines and falls. Many older adults are threatened by frequent falls and, as a result, their injuries reduce their independence and freedom. This student believes that the more knowledge we have about risk factors for falls among the elderly, the better we can care for them, resulting in fewer falls and injuries in the future. Since the elderly often refuse to accept the fact that they are depressed, this condition often goes untreated or undertreated. â€Å"Both conditions are relatively undiagnosed and undertreated in the primary care† (Biderman, Cwikel, Friend, & Galinsky, 2002, p. 632). Studies have shown that both depression and falls are conditions that impair the health of the elderly. In addition, symptoms of depression are found to be common in older people and are associated with an increased risk of falls (Kwan, Lin, Close, & Lord, 2011, p. 612). Falls are

Animal Testing Essay Example for Free

Animal Testing Essay â€Å"If you want to test cosmetics and drugs, why do it on some poor animal who hasnt done anything? They should use prisoners who have been convicted of murder or rape instead. So, rather than seeing if perfume irritates a bunny rabbits eyes, they should throw it in Charles Mansons eyes and ask him if it hurts.† ― Ellen DeGeneres, My PointAnd I Do Have One. None have ever thought about when he or she buy a cosmetic product that they are contributing to the agonizing procedures animals have to endure to bring the finished product to their use. Each year in the United States an estimated 20-70 million animals, from cats, dogs and primates, to rabbits, rats and mice suffer and die in the name of research. 92% of the drugs that passed for animals during testing did not pass for humans, and therefore many animals have been hurt, scarred for life, or even put to death for nothing. Animals should stop being the lab-rats for testing products because, many animals are hurt and die during the agonizing procedures they are forced to endure while testing without anesthetics to ease their pain with horrible environments to live in , medical testing on animals is an outdated practice that has it flaws and is sometimes false and misleading, finally animal testing is archaic and many other options to test drugs and products are optional instead of using animals. Animal testing provides inaccurate results that are also misleading. There is a 92% chance that drugs that pass animals will not cope or work the same for humans for various of reasons. One of these reasons is that animal systems are far different than a humans ( immune system) . Human disease does not happen in animals, it is usually artificially created, therefore not so similarly the same as the actual disease, just something a bit similar in characteristics. An example of this is if the air outside your house was a similar compound to oxygen, but not quite, would you risk your life and go outside? Likewise, animal testing always has its flaws. For example, in a repeated animal study failed to show t he similarities between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. As a result of this effect, it slowed down the public warnings about the dangers of cigarettes, regardless of a huge amount of human data available at that time. Similarly, some experiments such as stroke research with rodents caused false conclusions, misleading research and wasted funds and manpower (time). Of the 25 drugs which reduced the effect of stroke in rodents, not even a smudge of it worked in a human patient . Certainly medical testing on animals is very inaccurate with many flaws. In general 104,000 animals during testing each year were used in research that was either painful, distressful, or both with nothing to ease their pain and they of course got hurt. If the animal had been severely hurt during testing they must undergo countless surgeries that are painful, and sometimes without anesthetics. In addition to add to the pain , animals are kept in harsh environments during testing such as, clear or white plastic boxes about the size of a shoebox for small animals like the mouse and about a box 2 times the size for larger animals like guinea pigs. Not only are animals kept in such small concrete boxes, usually more than two animal live in one box. The effects of this are potent, because this increase the chances an animal can catch disease from one another and increases the chances animals can attack one another, shown in 1960s studies scientists made . If animals do not die from testing, they gain permanent effects, such as blindness are used in more than one test if the animal pass the conditions to be experimented on. God loved the birds and invented trees. Man loved the birds and invented cages. Jacques Deval, Afin de vivre bel et bien Many scientists say if animal testing is banned how will medical research continue? Are we willing to sacrifice millions of sick and dying loved humans, who have families and complex emotions, for the sake of a bunch of mice who will only live a year or two anyway? However, the answer to this question is no, because there are many other ways to test drugs. One such way is microdosing (in virtro technology). What is microdosing you may ask to yourself? Microdosing is is a technique for studying the behavior of drugs in humans through the administration of doses so low they are unlikely to produce whole-body effects, but high enough to allow the cellular response to be studied. This technique is fairly safe to humans , and a better approach than killing innocent animals with horrible results. Microdosing is also cheaper, faster and much more accurate than testing poor animals. Thus, animal testing is a dreadful technique scientists use to test drugs and cosmetics on. The negative effects of this technique outweigh the positive effects. There are many other techniques to study drugs that are more beneficial and cheaper than animal testing and most importantly, no one is hurt in the outcome. Treat animals as if they are humans since they are living souls too. Try to put yourself â€Å"in their shoes.†

Issues of Mineral Based Economies: Nigeria and Botswana

Issues of Mineral Based Economies: Nigeria and Botswana Why do Mineral-Based Developing Economies Face Economic Problems? The Case Study of Nigeria and Botswana 1. Introduction. Mineral-based economies have been defined as â€Å"those developing countries which generate at least 8 percent of their GDP and 40 percent of their export earnings from the mineral sector†. (Auty, 1993: p. 3). Two main categories of mineral-based economies have been identified. These include hydrocarbon producers and hard mineral exporters (producers of ores such as copper and tin). (Auty, 1993). Although one may reasonably expect developing mineral-based economies to witness tremendous economic development owing to their rich mineral resources, this has hardly been the case. According to Davis (1995: p. 1766) â€Å"mineral-based economies rather have development problems than development advantages†. In addition, Davis (1998) notes that economists and political scientists have recently proposed that mineral economies’ growth is below par, despite the mineral windfalls (rents) generated from mineral extraction. The mineral sector has even been classified as a ‘loser’ sector in the economic development race. (Shafer, 1994) cited by Davis (1998). Citing from a recent World Bank conference on mining and economic development, Davis (1995: p. 1765) states that several invited experts noted with concern the historical poor per capita economic growth of the mineral-exporting nations. In particular, participants from mineral-based developing economies were justly anxious about their fate. (Davis, 1995: p. 1765). In addition to fears of the â€Å"Dutch disease† and the â€Å"resource curse thesis† (explanations of these terms follow in subsequent sections), delegates were also concern about the appropriate policy response measures to these issues. (Davis, 1995). This paper aims at explaining why mineral-based developing economies rather face economic problems rather than economic development as one would expect. In meeting with this objective, the paper makes use of two case studies of mineral-based developing economies which include Nigeria (A hydrocarbon exporter) and Botswana (a hard mineral exporter). The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section two presents a literature review on why mineral-based economies rather face economic problems rather than economic development with particular emphasis on the Dutch Disease and the resource curse thesis; section 3 presents a discussion of the case studies making reference to their GDP growth, export revenue from mineral resources and per capita GDP; and section 4 presents some conclusions and recommendations. 2. Literature Review. Much of the literature has attributed underdevelopment of mineral-based developing economies to the Dutch disease. (Roemer, 1985) cited by Davis (1998) The Dutch disease is defined as a situation where an economy highly dependent on natural resources witnesses a decline in economic development as a result of a depletion of the natural resource or a sudden drop in the price of the resource. (Auty, 1993: p. 3). According to Davis (1995: p. 1768), the Dutch disease is a ‘morbid’ term that denotes the coexistence of booming and lagging sectors in an economy due to temporary or sustained increase in earnings. Mineral economies have been identified to generate an ideal environment for the disease given their notable minerals booming sector. (Davis, 1995). Mineral-based economies are characterized by a booming minerals sector at the expense of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. (Davis, 1995). Ross (2003) suggests that mineral exports may cause economic volatility, inco me inequality, and crowding out of productivity growth in the manufacturing sector, which effects could increase poverty and reduce social welfare. Cordon and Neary (1982) cited in Auty (2001) explain the role of the Dutch disease on the deterioration of mineral-based economies using a three-sector model composed of a resource sector such as oil or other primary product exporting industry, a sector of tradeables, such as the manufacturing and agricultural sectors and non-tradeables. According to the model, a boom in the resource sector has three effects: a spending effect; a relative price effect and a resource movement effect. Looking at the spending effect, Auty (2001) suggests that the increased export revenues increases the demand for both tradables and non-tradables although spending on tradables fails to raise their domestic prices because prices in an open economy are determined in international markets. Consequently, any excess demand is met by imports. (Auty, 2001). Looking at the relative price effect, Auty (2001) suggests that failure to sterilize the increase in foreign exchange will result to an appreciation of the currency, which will in turn reduce the domestic prices of exports as well as those of imports competing with domestic products. In addition, a currency appreciation will lead to a reduction of the rents of the booming sector but may not be sufficient to reduce the sector’s output. (Auty, 2001). Domestic prices of non-tradables will rise with the rise in demand and these prices will neither be affected by the currency appreciation nor competitive imports. This will therefore result to an increase in the prices of non-tradables relative to the prices of tradables, as well as a reduction in exports and an increase in imports. (Auty, 2001). Macroeconomic theory suggests that the national income of a country is positively related to exports and negatively related to imports. The net increase in imports therefore leads to a reduction in the national income of the mineral-based State, which in turn hurts its economic development. Finally, as concerns the resource movement effect, Auty (2001) suggests that the movement of resources between sectors will also affect capital accumulation. Assuming a relatively labour-intensive non-tradable sector and a capital-intensive tradable sector, the movement in favour of the non-tradable sector will tend to raise wages and lower returns to capital thereby reducing capital accumulation. (Auty, 2001). In addition, assuming manufacturing is favourable to growth and that mineral resource booms cause it to decline, the mineral-based economy could experience slower long-term growth than the case would be if it had no mineral resources. (Auty, 2001). To support this view, Auty (2001) cites a number of studies that argue in favour of the fact that mineral resource booms tend to limit the growth of developing mineral based economies. For example, Matsuyama (1993It has also been sugges ted that mineral windfall facilitate irresponsible fiscal and trade policies. (e.g., Gelb, 1988; Ranis, 1991; Ranis and Mahmood, 1992) cited by Davis (1988). The issue as to why mineral-based economies remain underdeveloped is somehow controversial. (Auty, 2001). On the one hand, Mainstream economists have argued that primary commodity exports are the only way that countries in the early stages of development can generate the foreign exchange necessary to pay for essential imports and to service foreign debt. (Auty, 2001). On the other hand, Structurist economists (e.g., Presbish, 1950) cited by Auty (2001) argued that a long-run decline in prices for primary exports is an inevitable result of the increasing use of synthetics, shrinking raw material content of finished products and low elasticity of demand for raw materials. In addition Auty (2001) argues that oligopolistic markets in developed countries indicated that productivities increases there were captured in the form of higher income by workers and owners, while in the developing countries productivity gains were passed on to (northern) consumers in the form of lower prices. What the structurists economists are saying in effect is that mineral-rich developing countries because they lack the capacity to transform their raw materials into finished products often supply these products to developed or industrialized countries at very low prices. Industrialised countries in turn transform these raw materials into finished products and sell them to developing countries at very high prices, which do not match the prices for which they supplied their raw materials. By so doing mineral-rich developing countries continue to face declining levels of economic developing at the expense of developed countries. This idea is consistent with dependency theory[1]. For example, Presbish (1950) cited by Auty (2001) projected a downward trend in the terms of trade for primary products in relation to manufactured goods imported by developing countries from developed countries. In addition, Abubakar (1989: p. 19) describes Africa as a continent locked in an unequal exchange with t he developed world. Being perhaps the richest continent in the world, Africa has been transformed into undeniably the poorest continent. The following is a quote from Julius Nyerere, a prominent leader in Africa: â€Å"Every morning I listen to the B.B.C. to learn the price of the cotton and coffee with which Tanzania earns its foreign exchange. The prices of tractors and other goods we need to buy are not announced; they are fixed by the manufacturers in the Developed World, and we learn what they are when we go to buy†. (Abubakar, 1989: p. 19) quoting Julius Nyerere. 3. Case Studies of Nigeria and Botswana 3.1 Nigeria Nigeria falls in the first category of mineral-based economies identified by Auty (1993) as hydrocarbon producers. Minerals constitute 62.3% of the country’s merchandise exports and 9.6% of GDP and its mineral dependence index is 36 (the mineral dependence index is defined as the mean percentage contribution of minerals to GDP, merchandise exports, and government revenues). (Davis, 1995) citing Kuburshi (1984); United Nations (1974, 1976, 1987, 1993a, 1993c); World Bank (1993). Nigeria’s mineral dependence index of 36 indicates that it is highly dependent on minerals. This is following from Auty (1993) who considers a mineral dependence index of 20% or more to indicate mineral dependence. Nigeria was ranked 19th among developing countries that depended on minerals in 1970. This was based on the ranking of countries according to mineral dependence index in 1970. Based on 1991 rankings, Nigeria still maintained the 19th position and its minerals as a percentage of merchan dise exports had increased to 86.0 percent, minerals as a percentage of GDP stood at 7.6 percent and its mineral dependence index was 46.8 percent. (Davis, 1995). According to Eifert et al. (2002) oil represents an estimated 37 percent of GDP in Nigeria, and 63 percent of consolidated government revenues. The political economy of Nigeria has had an important role to play on how oil resources are managed in Nigeria. The public sector is the principal controller of these resources, which has fuelled the functioning of an extensive machinery of rent seeking a political patronage. (Eifert et al., 2002). Nigeria is characterised by a fragile ‘political coalition’ of diverse ethnic and religious groups with diverse interests. Eifert et al. (2002) asserts that public expenditures in Nigeria are always ratcheted out of control during oil booms, leading to macroeconomic instability owing to the diverse number of ethnic and religious interests that characterise the country. For e xample Eifert et al. (2002) suggest that an estimated amount of $300billion constituting oil revenues has enriched a small group politically and socially influential elite during the last 2 to 3 decades at the expense of the majority of Nigerians who have become impoverished. This indicates that Nigeria has failed to benefit from a general economic welfare from its oil boom because of the selfish desires of a small political influential minority. This situation is consistent with Gelb (1988); Ranis (1991); Ranis and Mahmood (1992) cited by Davis (1998) who attribute poor economic development of mineral-based developing economies to mineral windfalls’ facilitation of irresponsible fiscal and trade policies. Nigeria’s case is also consistent with Karl (1997); Mahon (1992); and Shafer (1994) cited by Davis (1998) who attribute mineral-based economies’ failure to achieve substantial economic development to the entrenched socio-political rigidity and rent-seeking ass ociated with an extended period of mineral extraction. According to Eifert et al. (2002) Nigeria’s economic growth has been stagnant and it is estimated that its per capita income has fallen from approximately $800 in the early 1980s to approximately $300 as at 2002. Nigeria’s failure to grow can be attributed to its government structure. Throughout the military regime described by Eifert et al. (2002) as a period of military dictatorship, the manner in which the oil cycle was managed was solely determined by the federal executive. Government spending was so high that in 1976 it accounted for more than the entire increase in oil revenue. (Eifert et al., 2002). Nigeria therefore faced rising fiscal and current account deficits following a failure of the 1975 oil price rise to bring the budget back into a surplus. By 1981, Nigeria had accumulated huge amounts of external debt, accompanied by capital flight. (Eifert et al., 2002). Increase government spending therefore fa iled to accelerate growth and there was little evidence of an increase in overall welfare that would have been expected during the sharp real appreciation that followed the spending binge. (Eifert et al., 2002). Eifert et al. (2002) attribute Nigeria’s failure to develop to the fact that its potential gains were rather absorbed in the sharply growing inefficiency of a corrupt and progressively more wasteful and distorted economy. Nigeria has made some efforts to adopt a democratic State but Eifert et al. (2002) conclude that the outcomes in the management of Nigeria’s oil cycle in the new democracy are thus so far not very different from the past pattern. This indicates that Political institutions in Nigeria are therefore shaped by a longer history than the current political regime. There is still an excessive an unsustainable increase in public expenditure, with considerable macroeconomic instability, and little to show in the growth and economic development. (Eifert, 2002). 3.2 Botswana. Botswana was ranked 35th in the mineral dependence index for developing countries in 1970. It had 0 percent for minerals as a percentage of merchandise exports, 19.6 percent for minerals as a percentage of GDP and 9.8 for mineral dependence index. (Davis, 1995). Following the ranking based on the minerals dependence index for developing economies in 1991, Botswana was ranked 8th with an 83.0 percent of minerals as a percentage of merchandise exports. Its minerals as a percentage of GDP had also increased to 41 percent and its mineral dependence index was 62.0. (Davis, 1995). Unlike Nigeria, Botswana falls in the second category of mineral-based economies with diamond, copper, nickel and coal constituting the principal hard minerals that it exported. (Curry, 1985). According to Curry (1985), Botswana, unlike other mineral-based economies in Africa that suffer from economic stagnation and political turmoil, Botswana has recorded an economic growth and political stability as a result of its fortuitous endowment of mineral wealth and sound macroeconomic management. Despite this development, Curry (1985) suggests that this growth strategy has produced underdevelopment and economic stagnation in rural agriculture, as well as increasing economic dependency on the republic of South Africa. Increases in mineral revenue has enriched the elite who have joined white farming families as the country’s large scale cattle owners, purchasing land and cattle from savings of relatively high salaries in the mining and public sectors. This situation has created two factions in Botswana. One rich and the other poor and there is an emerging clash between the rich and the poor that could destabilise and threaten an African success story as described by Curry (1985). In effect, mineral revenue in Botswana while it has helped to fuel economic development is threatening the growth of the agricultural sector and has also helped to widen the gap between the rich and the poor. Botswa na’s case is consistent with the Dutch disease which is consistent with the idea that a boom in one sector threatens a recession of other important sectors of the economy. The boom in the mineral sector has helped to fuel a recession in the agricultural sector in Botswana. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations This paper aimed at studying why mineral-based developing economies have witnessed more of economic problems than economic development. Nigeria’s case indicates that the country has suffered from autocratic and fractional democracies that have resulted to a poor management of the revenues from oil booms. As a consequence, mineral revenue has been spent without any fiscal discipline. This has led to the satisfaction of the desires of an influential minority at the expense of the welfare of the greater majority. Nigeria has basically not witnessed any economic development throughout boom in its oil sector. On its part, Botswana has witnessed growth and development as a result of its mineral resources. However, the boom in the mineral sector is hurting the agricultural sector and the situation has only benefited the rich who are using the mineral revenue to take over all land in Botswana for cattle rearing. Like Nigeria, Botswana’s mineral revenue has to some extent benefi t an influential minority. Based on the above, this paper recommends a more democratic regimes in mineral-based economies as well as an emphasis of the importance of all sectors in the economy. Governments in developing countries need to understand the importance of the manufacturing industry. Nigeria for example should be more concern about building its own oil refineries so as to boost its manufacturing industries. In Botswana, the government should implement high taxes on the rich elite so as to help redistribute the mineral income to the poor. Subsidies should be provided to the poor farmers. By so doing, there can be an equitable distribution of land, which will in turn boost the agricultural sector. Bibliography Abubakar A. (1989). Africa and the Challenge of Development: Acquiescence and Dependency Versus Freedom and Development. Praeger Publishers. New York. Auty R. M. (2001). Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis. Routledge. Auty R. M. (2001). The Underperformance of resource-abundant economies. Resource Abundance and Economic Development. Edited by R.M Auty. UNU/WIDER studies in Development Economics. Oxford. Curry R. L (1985). Mineral-based growth and development-generated socioeconomic problems in Botswana: Rural Inequality, Water scarcity, food insecurity, and foreign dependence challenge governing class. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 319-336. Davis G. A. (1998). The minerals sector, sectoral analysis, and economic development. Resource Policy, vol. 24, No. 4, pp 217-228. Davis G. A. (1995). Learning to Love the Dutch Disease: Evidence from the Mineral Economies. World Development, vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 1765-1779. Eifert B., Gelb A., Tallroth N. B. (2002). The Political Economy of Fiscal Policy and Economic Management in Oil-Exporting Countries. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2899. The World Bank, Africa Regional Office. Lievesley G. (2003).DependencyThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. Tà ©treaul M. A., Abel C. F. (1986). Dependency Theory And The Return Of High Politics. Greenwood Press. New York. Footnotes [1] Dependency theory built upon the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) which characterized the world as divided into centre (the developed, inudstrialised North) and periphery (the underdeveloped agricultural South). (Tà ©treaul and Abel, 1986; Lievesley, 2003). Dependency theory tries to explain the external mechanisms of control exerted by the centre on the periphery. The centre maintained the periphery in a state of underdevelopment for purposes of super exploitation. (Tà ©treaul and Abel, 1986; Lievesley, 2003). Dependency theory therefore indicates that underdevelopment was not an original or inherent condition, it could rather be explained by the historical relationship between the developed and developing world.

Post-operative Psychological Adjustment to Stoma

Post-operative Psychological Adjustment to Stoma The essay is based on a patient who had surgery to have an ileostomy formed. This essay will attempt to define support and identify what the patients specific support needs may be within the context of the patients post-operative psychological adjustment to her new stoma with special focus on the issue of flatus and odour on the patients recovery. Black (2001) states that for the patient with a newly formed stoma, thoughts of talking to others, eating, working, sleeping or making love while bowel motion and flatus fill the appliance is horrific. A literature review will identify the most recommended suggestions for support of the person anxious about odour and flatus and the information will be considered within the context of the support that was given to Jane*. In accordance with the Nursing Midwifery Council Code of Professional Conduct (2008), the name and any identifying details of my patient on which this study is based will be withheld. Jane* is a 44 years old mother of three, including 16 years old Adam* who lives with her at home. Jane is in a long term relationship with Peter* and they have been planning to move in together. She is a teacher of Economics in the local secondary school. Jane was diagnosed with Ulcerative colitis about 18 years ago. Ulcerative colitis is a disease that causes inflammation of the large intestine or colon (Colitis UK, 2008). This is the last meter or so of the intestine closest to the anus. Symptoms are vary in severity from pain and discomfort, through mucous in the stools is in the most severe cases blood in the stools. It is generally diagnosed by inspection of the colon by the procedure colonoscopy by uses an endoscope. Porrett and McGrath (2005) suggest, ileostomies are formed to treat conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, diverticular disease, carcinoma of the bladder, carcinoma of the bowel, traumatic injury to the abdominal area, and inadequate blood flow to the bowel, incontinence and obstruction. An ileostomy is a surgically created abdominal opening from the terminal small intestine (ileum), made because the entire colon has been removed or must be bypassed. An ileostomy stoma is usually on the lower-right abdomen. Its output has passed through all or most of the small intestine, but none of the large intestine; consistency of this output may vary from very liquid to a semi-solid paste (Porrett and McGrath, 2005). Simmons K et al (2007) state that more than 13,000 patients have stoma surgery yearly in the United Kingdom and reports psychological and social dysfunction in patients whose surgery end with stoma. Patients undergoing stoma surgery face a number of stress related circumstances leading to threats to body integrity, alerted body image, loss of autonomy, and loss of function and control (Williams, 2005). Annells (2006), suggests that fear of rejection by friends and family as well as being ostracized by society is constant for this group of patients and that support, guidance and information can assist them in adapting to their new way of life. Patients were reported to have feelings of loneliness, low self-esteem, thoughts of suicide and depression are higher in stoma patients compared with patients without a stoma (Norton, 2004). Patients who have had ileostomies, often have a distorted body image which has a knock on impact on the patients’ physical integrity and self-concept (Black and Hyde, 2004). When I was talking to Jane, before and after surgery, one of her major anxieties was flatus and odour – common concern for those with a new established stoma is flatus and odour which can result in psychological distress, stigma and embarrassment (Annells, 2006). She was also anxious about how Peter would react to the stoma and whether he would still find her beautiful and attractive. But mostly, she was concerned that people would smell her and she was worried, that she would be unable to control her flatus and being stigmatized by Peter and people who found out that she had stoma. Coping with stigma involves a variety of strategies, and Jane was at the stage where she was deciding whether to disclose the condition and suffer further stigma or attempt to conceal the condition or aspects of the condition and pass for normal (Joachim and Acorn, 2000), but felt certain that there was no way she could conceal the odour or the involuntary flatus. Flatus and odour that cannot be co ntrolled by the individual for medical reasons affect how these individuals feel about their bodies (Black, 2001). A stoma does not have a sphincter muscle; and so persons with stomas are unable to control the elimination of faeces or flatus via the stoma (Breckman, 2005). Rozmovits and Ziebland (2004), in a compilation of narratives from new stoma patients cited many as expressing difficulties in returning to work following surgery due to the â€Å"uncontrollable and unpredictable bowel movements and foul-smelling gas†. Simmons K et al (2007) state social aspect has a major impact on patients. A background study reported a decrease in social and leisure activities, increase in marital problems and less contact with relatives and friends. Mosby (2006), defines support as â€Å"to sustain, hold up, or maintain in a desired position or condition, as in physically supporting the abdominal muscles with a binder or emotionally supporting a client under stress†. There are several definitions for support. The Cambridge Advanced, Learners Dictionary (2008), define support as â€Å"to encourage someone because you want them to succeed†, â€Å"to help someone emotionally or practically†, or â€Å"a group of people who provide emotional and practical help to someone in serious difficulty†. Gale (2001) tells us social support consist of friends, family members, co-workers who provide assistance to the individual in need. Support found from friends, family and co-workers has a beneficial effect on physical and psychological well-being. Jane has had counselling from the stoma care nurse and assessed before surgery. Janes partner, Peter was not included initially in her pre-operative period as she did not wish to have him there. Peter was aware about the operation but she had not told many of her family and friends. Myers (1996) state psychological preparation and counselling of patients in the pre-operative period is of great importance. Myers (1996) further states the stoma nurse together with the patients partners and other health professionals help to rehabilitate the patient. The nurse and healthcare professionals must look at the patient and the patients needs holistically to include all aspects: physical, emotional, mental, social and economical. Faulkner and Davies (2005) state, that there is a range of definitions of the concept of support. It implies it is the exchange of resources between at least two people, intending to enhance the well-being of the person receiving. Faulkner and Davies (2005) illustrate the four broad support mechanisms they are emotional, informational, appraisal and instrumental support. Emotional support is about improving self-esteem, encouraging the person and aiming to have a feeling of belonging, accepted, loved and needed. Informational support provides information for individuals which enables them to be involved in dealing with their problems and problem solving. It can involve suggestions of where they can acquire further advice. Instrumental support involves tangible resources to remove, or significantly reduce, the stressful situation experienced by an individual. This also may include the provision of financial aid or services. Appraisal support helps the person to evaluate the impact of their circumstance, and level the threat posed by the stressful event or availability of personal coping resources. Post-operatively, Jane required all the identified types of support in dealing with her anxiety about her flatus and odour. Sirota (2006) states that support is important at all levels of care of the stoma patient and is especially critical in the early postoperative stages following stoma surgery when patients are experiencing grief reactions to loss. Emotionally, the support had already begun with the pre-operative chats that involved not only Jane, but her partner, Peter as well. The nurse, in offering support to the patient following a stoma formation must be conscious of the fact that even though the patient is extremely self-conscious about odours related to the newly-formed stoma, odours from the stoma should never be smelled by anyone but the patient (Williams, 2005). Emotional support to Jane was provided by developing a rapport with her which helped to alleviate her anxiety and embarrassment by putting the issue of flatulence and odour into context and teaching the patient techniques that could help control the issues e.g. deodorants, diets (Williams, 2005). Informational support was given to Jane about the types of food that will reduce odours and flatulence. Information such as which foods and fluids will produce flatus and which are likely to cause odour; how to manage a noticeable bulge created by flatus and how to remove flatus from appliance without causing unnecessary embarrassment in terms of odour or spillage are crucial to developing the patients confidence in managing his/her stoma (Breckman, 2005). In addition, leaflets obtained from the Ileostomy Internal Pouch Support Group gave a list of foods that increase and decrease flatulence and faecal odour as well as hints on reducing flatus. Instrumental support for Jane took the form of the deodorants that were provided to her to deal with the odours from her stoma. Cottam and Porrett (2005) recommend that in instances where odour is a problem, such as when changing the appliance, deodorants can be used to mask faecal odours and these are available in atomizers, drops or powders that can be sprayed into the atmosphere or placed inside the appliance. Jane was given the opportunity to try different samples of different fragrances by the stoma care nurse and then advised how she could order them in the future. She was also able to examine the different costs so that she could order deodorants that suited her budgets. She also advised to use the silicon-based adhesive remover which was proven to be gentler on the skin (Cutting, 2006). The final aspect of support that was provided to Jane in alleviating her anxiety about flatus and odour was appraisal support. Any disruption to the workings of the persons body is bound to cause concern and in Western society the pressures placed on us by media and peers mean that the patient that has to live with a stoma has to live with a stigma and all the anxieties associated with this (Williams, 2005). With the informational, emotional and instrumental support that was given to Jane, the rest of support needed by her can only be identified and accessed by her. Support groups and their contact details were provided to Jane, so that she can access a group or forum, if she determined that she needed further support of more specific, or even generic, type. The success of Janes adjustment will now be dependent on her own coping strategies and her own support networks (Williams, 2005). Salter (1997) stated that the support a nurse needs to give the patient with newly formed stoma is emotional, informational and practical. Jane received all of the above during her immediate post-operative period. Price (1993) says that how Jane copes now will be affected by the opinions and attitudes of the people with whom she has close relationships. Informational and appraisal support will continue via support group and forums and emotional support will come from family and friends. In the end, Jane will increase her self-confidence and become more independent with dealing with her stoma and stoma care. But in the end, as with everyone, even those without a stoma, support of all kinds will always be needed in some degree, form or fashion.

A Rose For Emily by Willaim Faulkner Essay -- essays research papers

A Rose For Emily   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkners story A Rose For Emily, is a tragic story about a young lady by the name of Miss Emily Grierson. Emily came from a well to do family, that had allot of history in the town they lived in. The Grierson's were so powerful, that they did not have to pay any taxes. The whole town seemed to think that the Grierson's were snobby because in Emily's fathers eyes, none of the men where quite good enough for Emily. Unfortunately, Emily turned out an old maid because of her father. By the age of 30, the whole town felt sorry for Emily because they knew that she would not be getting married.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The death of Emily's father displayed a different side of Emily. Since there were rumors of insanity in her family, Emily's denial of her father death portrayed just that. Soon after, Emily came back to reality and grieved her fathers' death. No one seemed to see much of Emily after the death of her father. The only person they would see was her butler. To everyone's surprise, Emily did meet a man a few years later, by the name of Homer Barron. The two would ride down the street on Sundays in a buggy. The town hoped that this would be Emily's opportunity to wed. Time passed, and the town no longer saw Homer come around any more. The last time the town saw Homer, he had gone into Emily's home through the kitchen door for supper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Never the less, it finally came time for Emily t... A Rose For Emily by Willaim Faulkner Essay -- essays research papers A Rose For Emily   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Faulkners story A Rose For Emily, is a tragic story about a young lady by the name of Miss Emily Grierson. Emily came from a well to do family, that had allot of history in the town they lived in. The Grierson's were so powerful, that they did not have to pay any taxes. The whole town seemed to think that the Grierson's were snobby because in Emily's fathers eyes, none of the men where quite good enough for Emily. Unfortunately, Emily turned out an old maid because of her father. By the age of 30, the whole town felt sorry for Emily because they knew that she would not be getting married.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The death of Emily's father displayed a different side of Emily. Since there were rumors of insanity in her family, Emily's denial of her father death portrayed just that. Soon after, Emily came back to reality and grieved her fathers' death. No one seemed to see much of Emily after the death of her father. The only person they would see was her butler. To everyone's surprise, Emily did meet a man a few years later, by the name of Homer Barron. The two would ride down the street on Sundays in a buggy. The town hoped that this would be Emily's opportunity to wed. Time passed, and the town no longer saw Homer come around any more. The last time the town saw Homer, he had gone into Emily's home through the kitchen door for supper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Never the less, it finally came time for Emily t...

Savage or Peaceful Essay -- American History, Native Americans

During the 1800's the Native Americans kept the peace while the Americans were self-serving in their pursuit of land. The Americans believe in the Manifest Destiny. The Native Americans did all that they could to remain in peace with the Americans. The Americans fought persistently with the Native Americans to gain Native American lands. The Americans wanted to move the Native Americans of what they thought was land given to them by God. The Americans believed they had the power to control all of the U.S., because they were given the right to by God. They also believed that the Native Americans knew about the Manifest Destiny, and that they should move off of the 'American' lands. The Americans thought that the Native Americans leaving their lands was, â€Å"a touching sight,†(Brown 31), that the Native Americans had realized that leaving their pasts behind was their destiny. The Americans believed that Native Americans felt obligated to move off of the land because of the Manifest Destiny. They believed that the Native Americans were happy to leave. The Americans also thought that by moving the Native Americans to reservations that they were helping the Native Americans. The reservations, the Americans thought would â€Å"free them from the power of the states,†(Jackson 133) and force the Native Americans to move to leave their 'savage' ways behind. They thought that by forcing the Native Americans to assimilate to the Americans that they Native Americans would be â€Å"a happy and prosperous people,†(Jackson133) instead of the savages the Americans believed them to be. The Americans believed that because the Native Americans had realized that it was there destiny to give up their lands that the Native Americans were going to ... ...,†(Jackson 134) so that all of the lands could be theirs. The Americans were only concerned with taking all of the land from the natives so that they could expand the United States and keep all minerals with in the new lands. In the 1800's the Native Americans kept the peace while the Americans were selfish in their crusade for land. The Americans thought that according to the Manifest destiny they were the sole rulers of the Native American's lands. Although the Americans wanted their lands, the Native Americans wanted to remain in peace with the Americans. The Americans continuously fought with Bernier4 the Native Americans even when the Native Americans had done no harm. The Americans were uncaring in gaining Native American lands. The Americans were the savages in their pursuit of the Native American's land.

Issues and Challenges of Logistics in Malaysia: a Perspective

In the Asia Pacific region, the potential for growth in logistics is very promising. Although Malaysia's economic growth rate is increasing, but advances in logistical in this country is still on modest level. Under the Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3), which was launched in 2006, Malaysia’s logistics development were charted carefully and diligently as to keep on pace with other countries in South East Asia. However, Malaysia is still lagging behind neighbour countaries such as Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam on transportation, bureaucratic and logistical issues. These issues need to be improve so that Malaysia can compete with these three countaries. Major Comments : Author Assumptions Transport and Logistics issues The production possibilites frontier (PPF) is the boundary between those combinations of goods and services that can be produced and those that cannot produce. In this issues, logistics development are the production and the problem are poor transport infrastructure, underdeveloped transport and logistics services and slow and costly bureaucratic procedures are the big issues that gives high logistics cost in Malaysia. Furthermore, the use of technology also needed in order to make some improvements to make logistics more efficient. Almost 20 years, Malaysia still trying to reduce transport and logistics cost. However, increasing in imports and exports but storage capasity in Malaysia are not well improve gives big impact to economics growth in Malaysia. This causes demand and supply are cannot be fulfil. Eventhough Malaysia adding new berths but Malaysia still cannot cope with increasing amount of space available on both depots and depots which causes Maritim still not fully efficient. In these issues, we must build as many as the new berths in order to maintain high capasity. For multimodal transport issues, Malaysia uses containers for the maritime part of trips, loading and unloading them in the ports rather at the origin and destination of their cargo. This eliminates the main cost-saving advantages of container use. However, poor transport infrastructure makes are hard its hard for unloaded. This is because road and rail infrastructure are not so good especially in East Malaysia. Furthermore, trade documentation in customs clearances need to be simplified in order to reduce port congestion. In addition, freight forwarding industry are still underdeveloped with only 10% of trade-related transport services uses this way. This causes demand and supply are not meet in positive ways. The high costs of land access to ports, reinforced by the effects of production agglomeration, have caused an excessive concentration of export-related activities in port cities and essentially restricted the benefits of trade growth to the areas immediately surrounding ports. However, if the benefits of trade are to be more widely distributed, the penalties of inaccessibility need to be addressed. Such action could not only stimulate trade-induced growth in currently inaccessible areas, but if successful, this could reduce and slower the growth of trade-induced urban congestion and pollution in port cities. Analysis In IMP3, specific targets has been set for the logistics industry which is to grow at 8. 6% during the 15-year plan’s period. In the other hand, logistic industry shall contribute 12. 1 to GDP (Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar, KDNK) by 2020. Moreover, Malaysian ports shall handle 36 millions TEUs (container) by 2020, 2. 4 million tonnes for air freight and 18. 6 million tonnes for rail freight. Author Suggestion on Improvement In order to make improvement in logistics development, the Goverment needs to addressed few things such as Domestic Integration, Private Sector Collaboration and Regulatory Environment for Transportation. For Domestic Integration, transportation services should be improved especially road, waterways and railways in East Malaysia. For example through postharvest services, cargo consolidation through farmer or business associations, information on prices and market demand, access to credits and human skills. In the other hand, the needs of quality logistics for high-value products needs to improve. Such as freight forwarding, 3PL, warehousing, storage, packaging, e-business use and tracking services. Private sector are tend to more competetive than public sector. To encourage private sector collaboration, the Government has established the Malaysia Logistics Council (MLC) in January 2007 which is: i. To provide leadership and serve as a focal point to address all issues relating to the development of the industry, ii. Monitor and coordinate implementation of programs and activities of the respective Agencies/Authorities at both Federal and State levels involved in the development of the industry, iii. Steer research and training activities of the Center of Excellence for Logistics and Supply Chain and iv. Streamline strategies and policies governing the logistics industry which cuts across several implementing authorities. Minor Comments (Figures) 1. Logistics Development Supply When Logistics industry increases, the supply curve shifts rightward 2. Maritime Issues However, whe n Storage capacity cannot cope with the space available make supply decreases, thus the supply curve shifts leftward. 3. Multimodal Transport Failure in multimodal transport for loading and unloading are decreases, the supply curve shifts leftward. . Ports and Land Access When Ports and Land Access are not fully functional, the the supply curve shifts leftward. 5. Air Freight The decreases in Air Freight operations makes the supply curve shifts leftwards. Conclusions The needs of major improvement need to be done in order to improve logistics arrangements such as ports and infrastructure, freight management, connectivity and usage of technology. Malaysia will continue to review and undertake progressive liberalisation of its services industry taking into account domestic capability as well as to enhance competitiveness at the global and regional levels. References: * http://academia.edu/1360843/Issues_and_Challenges_of_Logistics_in_Malaysia_A_Perspective * http://academia.edu/1059313/Logistics_and_Supply_Chain_in_Malaysia_Issues_and_Challenges * http://www.apec.org.au/docs/10_TP_SUPPLY/7.%20Trade%20and%20Logistics%20-%20An%20East%20Asian%20Perspective.pdf

Napoleon Bonaparte, a Man of War

Napoleon Bonaparte rise to power was because of his strong army he formed and his strategy for winning wars however his fall came when he went to Russia intending to defeat them but lost. Napoleon’s policies were to ensure freedom and equality for the people and to give the people the education they needed. Napoleon Bonaparte was born Napoleone di Buonaparte in Corsica, August 15, 1769. He was a small child, and often was teased by his classmates when he was enrolled in military college at a very early age in 1777, and it is believed that this influenced the determination he had to win later in life.Later, he went to Ecole Militaire (also known as military school) from 1784 to 1785. Also in 1785, he graduated with the rank of second lieutenant. Great things were expected of Napoleon. However, no one could have guessed that he would go on to make history. Napoleon was a rising star in the French military. A general at the age of 27, he had won the admiration of France thanks to his leadership, military talents, and personal talents. Yet his talents lay not in originality but in his stunningly innovative adaptations of military strategies and tactics developed in the eighteenth century and during the Revolution.While in the military, he won many battles over Austria. In 1795, the people of France tired of the Reign of Terror, revolted, executing many leaders of the Terror. The Directory took power. On Napoleon's return to France, he found that many people were very dissatisfied with the Directory. With the support of his troops, he overthrew them and became France's new dictator, naming himself First Consul for life. The votes of the public approved of this move. He was determined to succeed in life. His first real military action was a great success.He was captain of artillery during the siege of Toulon, where he captured several important strongholds, and forced the retreat of British naval fleets. He became Brigadier General while campaigning in Italy, but was arrested and jailed there for being an associate of the brother of the executed Maxamillion Robespierre. After getting out of jail, he continued on to achieve even more military greatness. Napoleon strategy in winning wars was brilliant. When he confronted an army stretched out before him, skilled marksmen threw the opponent’s advance forces into disarray and assessed the opposing army’s weakest point.The concentration of deadly artillery fire- Napoleon once referred to the twelve-pound cannons as his beautiful daughters-prepared the war for the assault of the infantry columns. The speed of his army’s movement was such that he could rapidly attack and defeat part of an enemy army before reinforcements could arrive. Napoleon’s genius was his ability to organize, oversee and assure the supplying of and communication between larger armies than had ever before been effectively assembled, and to move them more rapidly than anyone before him. All of his success earned him a dictator of France.As a dictator Napoleon made many reforms to France. Napoleon was influenced by the Enlightenment which made him believe that the church should not have an institutional role in the affairs of state. He said that society cannot exist without some being richer than others and this inequality cannot exist without religion. No papal bull could be read in France’s church without permission of the government; the clergy would have to read official government decrees from the pulpit. Under Napoleon, the church gained the freedom of religious practice, but at the expense of some of its independence.Napoleon also gave freedom of religion. Napoleon granted Protestants and Jews state protection to practice their religion. An article of the concordat guaranteed freedom of worship for people in both religions. Also Napoleon created a new social hierarchy based not on blood but on service to the state, particularly in the army and bureaucracy and on ownership of property. Napoleon also established the Bank of France in 1800 which facilitated the state’s ability to borrow money. He followed the Directory’s policy of abandoning the grossly inflated paper money of the Revolution, which stabilized France’s currency.He facilitated the assessment and collection of taxes, ordering a land survey of the entire country upon which direct taxes were to be based. And he expanded the number of indirect taxes collected on salt, tobacco, and liquor, as well as on goods brought into any town of over 5,000 inhabitants. Education also became a huge priority for Napoleon because in a country in which about half the population was illiterate, he believed that schools could create patriotic and obedient citizens through teaching secular values that would ultimately link education to nationalism.In 1802, Napoleon established state secondary schools called lycees, thirty-seven of which were operating six years later, for the rela tively few boys who went beyond primary school. Students read only textbooks approved by the emperor and in 1808, he created France’s first public university system. Education became seen as a value in itself, as well as a means of social ascension. After a while, Napoleon created the Napoleonic Code. This code made the rights of property owners sacrosanct. The code, over 2000 articles long, enshrined the equality of all people before the law and the freedom of religion.The subsequent Penal Code of 1810 proclaimed the freedom to work that forbade associations of workers’ associations. Many of the policies had positive effects on the country however they had negative side effects on the people and the economy. Great Britain alone was one of the strongest forces in the defeat of Napoleon. On land, Napoleon was successful against the British, but on sea the British controlled every estuary. Great Britain also created the Orders of Council, which ordered neutral nations no t to trade with France.This was much more effective than Napoleon’s Continental System because Great Britain controlled the seas. Napoleon had many problems that were unrelated to the Quadruple Alliance. When he issued the Decrees of Berlin and Milan, Portugal was not happy because they wanted to trade with Britain. To subdue Portugal, French troops had to cross Spain. Soon troops were forced to occupy Spain as well as Portugal. When the Spanish revolted, Napoleon appointed his brother Joseph as Monarch. The Spanish found this to be very disrespectful to have a foreign ruler appointed, and thus fought with even greater passion and desire.Assisting the Spaniards in ultimately freeing themselves from Napoleon’s control was the English army under the command of Arthur. Wellesley was later made the Duke of Wellington, where he would take an even more major role in Napoleon’s defeat. This war with Spain, based on a rise of nationalism, was the beginning of the end fo r Napoleon. There were also many more problems with rebellions by Austria and Russia. Alexander I of Russia broke his Alliance with Napoleon, due to Russia’s failing economy. This led to Napoleon suffering what is considered to be his worst defeat ever when he went to war with Russia.This defeat was largely due to the French being pushed by the Russians towards the torched city of Moscow. Here they froze, starved or were killed in battle. This defeat encouraged other countries to try for victory. Although allied nations did combine to inflict another defeat for Napoleon at the battle of Leipzig in 1813, it must be noted that the Quadruple Alliance was not officially established at this time and there were many other influences that led to Napoleon’s decline. Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo was not determined because of he Quadruple Alliance, but rather it was due to tactical mistakes on behalf of Napoleon. Napoleon made the mistake of entrusting his armies to inferior generals such as Ney, who had no real education, and Marshal Emmanuel de Grouchy, who lacked the charismatic spirit that Napoleon’s men needed before battle. He also made the mistake of underestimating his opponents. Napoleon’s health was also to blame for his defeat. At Waterloo he suffered an array of aliments such as stomach pains, and pneumonia. His actions were sluggish; he was slow in issuing commands, and responding to messages.While Napoleon misjudged his opponents, Wellington did not. Wellington had fought against Napoleon before, and was a master of defensive tactics. Ney made many mistakes in the battle, his worst being sending his cavalry to attack hastily, unsupported by infantry. They were slaughtered within minutes. Despite the surprise attack by the Prussians and organization of the Quadruple Alliance helping defeat Napoleon at Waterloo, the British would still have defeated Napoleon due to his own personal doubts, faults and downfall .In conclusion, Napoleon’s rise to power was clouded his mind that he failed to realize the possibilities of defeat. Napoleon was lethargic and this was the reason why he fell from power. However, Napoleon can be seen as a great lieutenant. His military talents led him to many victories. His victories led him to become a dictator of France who influenced the French. Napoleon was a strong man and despite his ambiguity, he is considered a man of war.